We Danced All Night to the Best Song Ever

Activity: DANCE

While dancing the body systems that one would depend on even more than in day to day life would be:

1. Respiratory
2. Circulatory
3. Sensory Awareness/Central Nervous

Although the having sufficient food and hydration (digestive system) and using the restroom is important before dancing, the three systems above must be working very hard while actually dancing.

Respiratory System: Since dancing involves constant, swift movement the respiratory system must be doing the best to make sure the dancer has enough oxygen to move. The respiratory system and the circulatory system work along side one another to ensure that air is coming into the body and then being brought throughout the rest of the body.

Circulatory System: While dancing all parts of the body are working extremely hard and therefore must be receiving enough nutrients and oxygen to continue. As the body is moving at varying speeds while doing intense movements more and more oxygen and nutrients are needed from the blood. After dancing for a while one’s heart will be beating hard as it was functioning at a more than normal speed to bring oxygen everywhere.

Sensory Awareness/Central Nervous: As the central nervous system deals with both comprehending surrounds and balance and movement it would be integral to dancing. While dancing along to music one must keep count of where in the exercise or music as well different movements at different times require the work of the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. Keeping oneself balanced while doing a releve in ballet or the moonwalk during Billie Jean is all because of the cerebellum.

Changes in body functions while/after dancing include:

• heart beating quickly (the heart needing to distribute blood throughout the body quickly)
• feeling tired (while dancing enzymatically produced is used up because of constant intense movement)
• increased appetite and thirst (since energy was used up while dancing the body requires more fluid and food to replenish it)

Chronic Asthma

Mainly Affects this System: Respiratory

Chronic asthma is a log term disease in which one's airways are more sensitive and breathing becomes difficult. 

When a person with asthma does intense exercise such as dance or is exposed to things like smoke or some animal hairs their airways react. The bronchioles and other airways of the respiratory system tighten and spasm leaving little room for air to pass through. As well airways could become inflamed and filled with an abundance of mucus again making it very difficult for air to pass through the trachea or bronchioles.

Generally when somebody with asthma does intense exercise including dance their airways will tighten, leaving little space for air to get through. 

When triggered symptoms of asthma include: 

• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Chest Tightening
• Coughing

Even if somebody has asthma they should most definitely be exercising! 

Preventative measures can be taken to lower the severity of asthma while exercising would be warming up and cooling down gradually. Inhalers are a medicinal treatment that go directly to the lungs and work to reduce swelling, dry up mucus and all in all make airways less sensitive. 

   

Potty Time

In order to rid the body of waste products that could/are harmful the excretory system is able to rid these toxic wastes from the body. There are also quite a few steps involved in the final processes of the excretory system. 

How does this happen?

Amidst blood's circulation throughout the body it stops at the kidney. Once at the kidney the blood delivers waste that it has been carrying that it does not need such as water, minerals and a nitrogen  amino group (Nh2) had been taken apart from amino acids before they were converted into energy. Nh2 then unites with a hydrogen proton and ammonia or Nh3 is created in the liver. Ammonia is then transferred into the blood and then combines with other waste products of the body in the kidney including various amino,water and other nutrients. This amalgamation of waste liquids in the kidneys becomes urine. The urine then gets funnelled through two ureters tubes (one per kidney) until it reaches the bladder. Consider the bladder a storage space for urine until the bladder expands and sends nerve signals through the body when it's full and the urine must leave the body out of the urethra. 

Major Organs:

Kidney: Most people have two kidneys located in the rear of the abdomen. Each kidney has three zones: renal medulla(kidneys inner layer), renal cortex (kidneys outer layer) and the renal pelvis (brings the urine away from the kidney using ureter).Blood enters the kidney by the renal artery which then splits into countless minuscule arterioles which eventually lead to the Bowman's Capsules of nephrons. The Bowman's Capsules are at the end of a kidney tubule and are a large cluster of blood capillaries and a thin two cell walled capsule. Inside the Bowman's Capsules are nephrons which are encompassed by capillaries so the blood can travel in and out. Nephrons utilize filtration pressure to remove wastes from the blood and urine is created. See above   

Liver: The liver is placed on the right side of the torso protected by the rib cage. Underneath the liver are the gallbladder and parts of the intestines and pancreas. There are two sides of the liver known as the right and left lobes. When blood comes from the digestive system the liver's primary function is to detoxify it. As well the liver detoxify (or attempts to) chemicals, accepts medicine into the body and creates bile which will go through the intestines and up the other way of the digestive system. Another function of the liver is to create proteins that are extremely important for blood clotting. 


    

Breaking Down Digestion

 

In order to convert food into energy and nutrients, a group of organs that make up the digestive system are required throughout the entire body.
Food passes through the GI (Gastrointestinal) tract which is comprised of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines,as well there are "accessory organs" 

What is what in the digestive system?
which assist in digestion including:teeth, tongue,glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Throughout the digestive system there are six functions that ensure the body receives the nutrients and energy it requires:

• Ingestion (taking  food in)

• Secretion (substances that are produced in a cell, organ or gland and then discharged in the form of saliva, bile etc.)

• Mixing and movement (food, liquids and nutrients moving and mixing together throughout the digestive system including the stomach and intestines)

• Digestion (breaking food down mechanically and enzymatically into energy or nutrients)

• Absorption (once the nutrients have been broken up they are absorbed into cells)

• Excretion (expelling waste)

Major Organs:

Esophagus: A muscular tube of about 8 inches connects the throat to the stomach and is behind the trachea and heart but is in front of the spine. The inside of the esophagus is coated in pink muscle called mucosa. Before getting to the stomach the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. At the top of the esophagus is a bundle of muscles called the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) which regulate breathing, eating, and vomiting. The UES also ensure that food and secretions are unable to go down the trachea. The lower esophageal sphincter are another group of the muscles but lower down, near where the esophagus meets the stomach. The lower esophageal sphincter is in charge of making sure contents from the stomach do not travel upwards through the trachea. 

Stomach: The stomach is located on the left side of the abdomen and is the muscular organ that takes in food via the esophagus. Rugae, ridges of muscle tissue secrete enzymes and acids from the stomach break down the food we eat and digest it. Occasionally the stomach mixes the food a bit in order to aid digestion. Underneath the stomach is the pyloric sphincter which opens to bring the broken down food into the intestines.  

Intestines:Intestines are tubes of tissue that run throughout the digestive system. They start at the stomach and end at the rectum which begins the excretion system. A majority of the body's absorption of nutrients occurs along the intestines, generally the small intestine. As well, the small intestine is lined with three types of muscle: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The small intestine measures at about 20 feet long and approximately an inch in diameter. While the large intestine measures at around 5 feet in length and 3 inches in diameter. The large intestine is also known as the colon and creates stool from liquids and causes urination. 

Taking Out Central Nervous Systems Would Be a No Brainer

Whenever anything happens in day to day life from writing a test to picking up a doughnut your central nervous system/senses were responsible. 

How Do the Sensory System and Central Nervous System Connect and Interact? 

These systems bridge with the sensory receptors and neurons. The senses they spur and the reaction that is understood and derives from segments of the brain or the spinal chord. The central nervous system is able to sense surroundings, transfer information through the brain, spinal chord and the rest of the body, controls voluntary movement and maintains movement that is involuntary aka homeostasis. 

Common sensory systems consist of the following:

• Vision
• Somatic Sensation (touch)
• Auditory (hearing)
• Taste 
• Olfaction (smell)

Sensory organs include eyes, skin, ears, papillae (taste buds) and the nose. These organs have sensory receptor cells that are able to transfer information to either the brain or spine in order to formulate reactions. Neurons are cells but they have a peculiar shape consisting of hairy axom bits on the top and tail like dendrites. If one were to place their hand on a hot surface instantly nerves (a collection of neurons) would send information to the spinal chord like a telephone call and the spinal chord would send information the opposite direction to signal to the muscles to move the hand. 

There are different types of nerves in the body that connect to different places:

• Cranial nerves (connect sensory organs to the brain)
• Central nerves (connect areas within the brain and spinal cord)
• Peripheral nerves (connect the spinal cord with limbs)
• Autonomic nerves (connect the brain and spinal cord with your organs) 

The brain is the President and the spine is the Vice President, if the Vice President can handle what is happening then the President does not get involved. For example when the doctor taps a knee, receptors in the knee send a signal to the spinal chord via a sensory neuron. The sensory neuron signals the central nervous system (in this case spine) which signals the motor neuron which then stimulates the correct leg so that it kicks. The brain did not need to get involved as this was a reflex of which the spinal chord and neurons had under control.

Major Organs:
Brain: Averagely the human brain weighs 3 pounds and is comprised of fats and proteins, giving it a feel similar to jelly and is one of the largest organs in the human body.The over 100 billion neurons in the brain are responsible for developing, analyzing and creating new ideas and actions as well as unconsciously regulating body processes such as the digestive system or respiratory system. 85% of the brain's weight is taken up by the cerebrum of which has an outer surface that is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is all grey matter (neurons) while the cerebrum underneath the cerebral cortex is comprised of white matter (nerve fibres; aka axoms and dendrites.
The cerebrum has two hemispheres which have four lobes. The frontal lobes control are involved with speech, thought, learning, emotion, and movement while the parietal lobes are responsible for processing sensory information such as pain, temperature and smell. The second biggest section of the brain is the cerebellum which is responsible for regulating muscle movement and balance. There is both white and grey matter in the cerebellum of which information is transferred to the spinal chord and other parts of the brain. The diencephalon is at brain's core and is about the size of an apricot. The diencephalon is responsible for sending nerve impulses to other parts of the brain for understanding and hormone secretion.The brain stem regulates reflexes and life functions that are not consciously thought about such as breathing and blood circulation.    

Spine: The spinal chord is protected by the spinal column which is made out of bony vertebrae and measures between 43-45 cm. 
There are 31 vertebrae that make up the spinal column: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. Exiting each spinal column segment are a collection of neurons as well that along with the body's other neurons meet in the dorsal root. From there either a reflex occurs or the neurons are sent up again further to the brain. 

A Pessimist's Blood Type is Always B-Negative

By ensuring disease fighting measures and stable homoeostasis the circulatory is absolutely necessary but why and how? 

The multiple litres of blood are comprised of platelets, red blood cells, plasma and white blood cells. As well lymph runs through the circulatory system, it assists in cleaning unwanted materials from the body.

The circulatory system
is an umbrella system
to three body systems
that work together.

The circulatory system itself is an umbrella of sorts for the cardiovascular (heart), pulmonary (lungs), and systemic (arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels). 

The cardiovascular system is at the heart of the circulatory system (haha get it the heart because it is the heart) as it pumps blood throughout the entire body. Arteries transfer oxygen full blood away from the heart to the rest of the body and ensure stationary cells receive the oxygen and nutrition they require. 

The aorta is the largest artery from the heart and goes through the neck (after receiving oxygen from the lungs: pulmonary flow) and branches out through the body into smaller arteries and then into very small arterial and then to capillaries where the newly oxygenated red blood cells provide oxygen to the cells. The body's stationary cells accept oxygen and various nutrients from passing red blood cells when the oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the plasma surrounding the red blood cells to the interstitial fluid surrounding stationary cells throughout the body.

Once the cells receive the nutrient or oxygen they require the waste (including carbon dioxide) is dumped into venules that go backwards and end up going to the Inferior Venae Cavae (Bottom section of the body) or Superior Venae Cavae (Head, arms)that converge and bring all the blood back to the heart. From the two Venae Cavae the blood goes into the ventricles of the heart where the blood get re-oxygenated by the capillaries that go to the alveoli in the lungs. This is called the pulmonary system. The capillaries bring in the groceries (oxygen) and throw out the trash (carbon dioxide).

 
Major Organ:

Heart: The heart's walls are made of muscle that is able to pump blood from the left ventricle out of the aorta when the heart beats (muscle contracts). The heart has two atriums, left and right where the blood enters the heart from the lungs (left atrium) or from the Venae Cavae (right atrium) The heart's ventricles are kind of storage spaces where the blood stays in between heart beats when it is pumped out of either the pullmnory artery (right side, re-oxygenation) or the aorta (left side, oxygenated blood throughout the body). The heart itself has its own set of arteries and veins called the coronary system and eventually the blood from this system feeds into the right and left ventricle as well. 

Some People Really Enjoy Blowing Air Out of Their Lungs - I'm Not a Fan Myself

How does the respiratory system work?

The exchange of gases that occurs when we exhale and inhale (carbon dioxide out, oxygen in) is how blood cells are able to acquire oxygen and then to pass it on throughout the body. The system in which this takes place is known as the Respiratory System.

When oxygen is inhaled through the mouth and/or nose the oxygen begins its initial journey through the respiratory system. The diaphragm is a muscle near the bottom of the chest cavity that allows inhalation and exhalation to occur, it separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. When air is inhaled the diaphragm contracts and lets more air in while in exhalation the diaphragm expands and air is let out. First stop for the oxygen is the larynx, where speech is produced followed by the the trachea from which oxygen enters the chest cavity. The trachea divides into two tubes called the bronchi (singular bronchus), the bronchi split into even smaller tubes on the way to the lungs, aka the bronchial tubes. Bronchial tubes directly go into the lungs and are yet again split into even smaller tubes which conjoin with tiny little air sacks known as alveoli.

This is where the respiratory and circulatory systems are bridged because the alveoli (filled with oxygen that was inhaled) are attached to the capillaries. The capillaries are extremely minute blood vessels next to the alveoli where oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood cells in the capillaries. The carbon dioxide in the bloodstream goes the other way. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli and through the lungs and come out while exhaling. 

Without the respiratory system we wouldn't be able to live because breathing is of course an essential life function.

Major organs 

Larynx: Without the larynx talking would be impossible. As well, the larynx aids swallowing and breathing. When air is inhaled exhaled it goes past the larynx which holds the vocal chords. The larynx is called the voice box because that's what it is, a box of cartilages and tissue holding the vocal chords.When the air goes past the vocal chords during exhalation they receive sufficient air in order to tighten or loosen in order to change pitch, volume and tone. A majority of the larynx is made up of cartilages and muscles that are held together by bendable, elastic like tissue. The larynx is a component of the corridor of air to and from the lungs.

Trachea: Also known as the windpipe, the trachea trails down the front, centre of the neck and at the top edge of the sternum (breast bone)splits into two branches that feed into the lung cavities. Composed of fibrous, elastic tissues,smooth tissue and approximately twenty cartilage rings the trachea is quite flexible to allow quite extreme neck movement while allowing air through to the lungs. The trachea is similar to a vacuum hose as it is extremely flexible but still sturdy and does not collapse on itself. About twenty rings of cartilage keep the trachea open in order to ensure breathing is always happening even during extreme neck movements.

Lungs: Spongy, similar to hot air balloons these organs aka lungs make all breathing and living possible. When air is inhaled it goes into the lungs through the trachea to the bronchi and then into the lungs themselves. Within the lungs the bronchi eventually split into even smaller branches of bronchioles. Bronchioles are wires that connect alveoli (microscopic air sacks) to each other throughout the lungs where oxygen is diffused into the blood stream through capillaries.

Diaphragm: Controlling the inhalation and exhalation of air is the dome shaped sheet of muscle that is the diaphragm. When the body requires air (inhalation)the diaphragm caves in allowing more space for air to be transferred into the lungs. When exhalation occurs the diaphragm curves upwards in order to decrease the amount of space in the chest cavity and therefore air leaves the lungs.